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What is STRAIN External force applied to an elastic material generates stress, which subsequently generates deformation of the material. At this time, the length L of the material extends to L+ΔL if applied force is a tensile force. The ratio of ΔL to L, that is ΔL/L, is called strain. (Precisely, this is called normal […]
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External force applied to an elastic material generates stress,
which subsequently generates deformation of the material. At this time,
the length L of the material extends to L+ΔL if applied force is a
tensile force. The ratio of ΔL to L, that is ΔL/L, is called strain.
(Precisely, this is called normal strain or longitudinal strain.) On the
other hand, if compressive force is applied, the length L is reduced to
L- ΔL. Strain at this time is (- ΔL)/L. Strain is usually represented
as ε .
Supposing the cross sectional area of the material to be A and the
applied force to be P, stress σ will be P/A, since a stress is a force
working on a definite cross sectional area. In a simple uniaxial stress
field as illustrated below, strain ε is proportional to stress σ, thus
an equation σ = E × ε is satisfied, provided that the stress σ does not
exceed the elastic limit of the material. "E" in the equation is the
elastic modulus (Young’s modulus) of the material.
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